Articles

Analysis of Eye Movements during Perusal Time According to Musical Structure and Sight-Reading Ability of Pre-Service Elementary School Teachers

AUTHOR :
Su-Young Bae, Sumi Kwon
INFORMATION:
page. 75~93 / 2022 Vol.51 No.3
e-ISSN 2713-3788
p-ISSN 1229-4179
Received 2022-05-31
Revised 2022-07-10
Accepted 2022-07-21
DOI https://doi.org/10.30775/KMES.51.3.75

ABSTRACT

The study aims to analyze the differences in eye movements during perusal time prior to sight-reading according to musical structure and sight-reading ability. To this end, 19 pre-service elementary school teachers read a single-line melody, a melody in parallel motion, and a melody with harmonic accompaniment through a Tobii Pro X2-60 eye tracker installed at the bottom of the computer monitor and played the electronic piano with a 10-second perusal time. Then, their eye movements during the perusal time were analyzed. The results showed that eye movements during the perusal time differed according to musical structure and sight-reading ability. The more complex the music, the more and longer the total fixation number and total fixation duration are in skilled sight-readers, whereas the less and shorter they are in less skilled sight-readers. Second, skilled sight-readers skim all the measures although concentrating on the first measure, whereas less skilled sight-readers mostly read the first and second measures. Third, when reading melodies, skilled sight-readers read the relationship between notes, whereas less skilled sight-readers read focusing on notes. Fourth, when reading music with a two-hand structure, skilled sight-readers gaze more and longer on the right-hand area than on the left-hand area, whereas less skilled sight-readers gaze more on the left-hand area than on the right-hand area.

Keyword :

REFERENCES


  1. Bae, S. Y., & Kwon, S. (2020). An analysis of eye movements according to the ability of pre-service elementary teachers to read music. Brain, Digital, & Learning, 10(4), 401-417. https://doi.org/10.31216/BDL.2020.10.4.401 [Crossref]
  2. Banton, L. J. (1995). The role of visual and auditory feedback during the sight-reading of music. Psychology of Music, 23(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735695231001 [Crossref]
  3. Furneaux, S., & Land, M. F. (1999). The effects of skill on the eye hand span during - musical sight reading. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 266, 2435-2440. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0943 [Crossref] [Pubmed]
  4. Gabrielsson, A. (1999). The performance of music. In D. Deutch (Ed.), The psychology of music (2nd ed, pp. 501-602). New York: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012213564-4/50015-9 [Crossref]
  5. Gilman, E., & Underwood, G. (2003). Restricting the field of view to investigate the perceptual span of pianists. Visual Cognition, 10(2), 201-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/713756679 [Crossref]
  6. Goolsby, T. W. (1994). Eye movement in music reading: Effects of reading ability, notational complexity, and encounters. Music Perception, 12(1), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.2307/40285756 [Crossref]
  7. Gregory, A. H. (1997). The roles of music in society. In D. J. Hargreaves & A. C. North (Eds.), The social psychology of music (pp. 123-140). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  8. Gromko, J. E. (2004). Predictors on music sight-reading ability in high school wind players. Journal of Research in Music Education, 52(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.2307/3345521 [Crossref]
  9. Jung, Y. J. (2018). A comparative analysis on the textbooks of keyboard harmony for college piano major. Korean Journal of Research in Music Education, 47(4), 157-183. https://doi.org/10.30775/KMES.47.4.08 [Crossref]
  10. Kopiez, R., & Lee, J. I. (2006). Towards a dynamic model of skills involved in sight reading music. Music Education Research, 8(1), 97-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613800600570785 [Crossref]
  11. Kwon, S. (2016). The correlation between the music learning and the academic achievement through the class piano curriculum. Korean Journal of Research in Music Education, 45(4), 1-21.
  12. Lehmann, A. C., & Ericsson, K. A. (1993). Sight-reading ability of accomplished pianists in the context of piano accompanying. Psychomusicology, 12, 122-136. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094108 [Crossref]
  13. Lehmann, A. C., & Kopiez, R. (2009). Sight-reading. In S. Hallam, I. Cross, & M. Thaut (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of music psychology (pp. 334-351). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  14. Lehmann, A. G., & McArthur, V. (2002). Sight-reading. In R. Parncutt & G. McPherson (Eds.), The science and psychology of music performance: Creative strategies for teaching and learning. New York: Oxford University Press.
  15. MacKenzie, C. L., Vaneerd, D. L., Graham, E. D., Huron, D. B., & Wills, B. L. (1986). The effect of tonal structure on rhythm in piano performance. Music Perception, 4(2), 215-225. https://doi.org/10.2307/40285361 [Crossref]
  16. Madell, M., & Hébert, S. (2008). Eye movements and music reading: Where do we look next? Music Perception, 26(2), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2008.26.2.157 [Crossref]
  17. Palmer, C., & van de Sande, C. (1993). Units of knowledge in music performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, Cognition, 19(2), 457-470. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.19.2.457 [Crossref] [Pubmed]
  18. Palmer, C., & van de Sande, C. (1995). Range of planning in skilled music performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(5), 947-962. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.21.5.947 [Crossref] [Pubmed]
  19. Penttinen, M., Huovinen, E., & Ylitalo, A. K. (2015). Reading ahead: Adult music students' eye movements in temporally controlled performances of a children's song. International Journal of Music Education: Research, 33(1), 36-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761413515813 [Crossref]
  20. Salis, D. L. (1980). Laterality effects with visual perception of musical chords and dot patterns. Perception and Psychophysics, 28, 284-292. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03204387 [Crossref] [Pubmed]
  21. Sloboda, J. A. (1977). Phrase units as determinants of visual processing in music reading. British Journal of Psychology, 68(1), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1977.tb01566.x [Crossref]
  22. Sloboda, J. A. (1978). The psychology of music reading. Psychology of Music, 6(2), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/030573567862001 [Crossref]
  23. Sloboda, J. A. (1984). Experimental studies of music reading: A review. Music Perception, 2(2), 222-236. https://doi.org/10.2307/40285292 [Crossref]
  24. Truitt, F. E., Clifton, C., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1997). The perceptual span and the eye-hand span in sight-reading music. Visual Cognition, 4(2), 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/713756756 [Crossref]
  25. Waters, A. J., Townsend, E., & Underwood, G. (1998). Expertise in musical sight-reading: A study of pianists. British Journal of Psychology, 89(1), 123-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02676.x [Crossref]
  26. Waters, A. J., Underwood, G., & Findlay, J. M. (1997). Studying expertise in music reading: Use of a pattern-matching paradigm. Perception and Psychophysics, 59(4), 477-488. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211857 [Crossref] [Pubmed]
  27. Weaver, H. E. (1943). A study of visual processes in reading differently constructed musical selections. Psychol Monographs, 55, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093537 [Crossref]
  28. Yoon, Y. W. (2009). An analysis of piano sight-reading textbooks. Korean Journal of Research in Music Education, 36, 205-233.
  29. Zhukov, K., Khuu, S., & McPherson, G. E. (2019). Eye movement efficiency and sight-reading expertise in woodwind players. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 12(2), 6. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.2.6 [Crossref] [Pubmed]
  30. Zhukov, K., & McPherson, G. E. (2022). Sight-reading. In G. E. McPherson (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of music performance, (Vol. 1, pp. 192-213). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190056285.013.11 [Crossref]

Archives

(53 Volumes, 814 Articles)
view all volumes and issues

Author Fee

Review Fee: 90,000 won

Publication Fee: 200,000 won (+ 10,000 won, when exceeding 20 pages)

Bank Account: Post Office 101220-02-048775 (KMES, Daneun Kwon)