ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to analyze the musical parenting (MP) practices of mothers with infants and the impact of these practices on infants' musical abilities. A questionnaire was administered to 304 two-year-old infants and their mothers in daycare centers across G Province. The results showed the following: First, mothers perceived prenatal musical education (PME) as beneficial and necessary for child development, with high implementation rates, primarily using classical music. Additionally, older mothers were found to participate in PME more frequently. Second, mothers were relatively active in engaging in musical interactions (MI) with their young children, with differences in MI participation depending on the mothers' age, education, and music learning experience. Moreover, the home musical environment (HME) was found to be lacking, with differences based on the mother's educational background and music learning experience. Various MP practices—including PME implementation, weekly PME frequency, listening to music, singing, dancing, music-making, and HME—were found to positively affect infants' musical abilities. Among these, singing-related MI had the most significant impact on infants' musical abilities. These findings highlight the importance of supporting mothers in recognizing and actively engaging in MP practices to positively influence their children's musical development.

Keyword :

REFERENCES

1. Ahn, K. (2001). A study of related factors and practise of Taekyo on pregnant women's. Master thesis, Ewha Womans University.
2. Barrett, M. S. (2019). Playing in and through the musical worlds of children. In S. Alcock & N. Stubbs (Eds.), Rethinking play as pedagogy (pp. 33-46). NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429454042-3 [Crossref]
3. Brodsky, W., Sulkin, I., & Hefer, M. (2020). Musical engagement among families with young children: A CMBI (V.972) study. Early Child Development and Care, 190(9), 1483-1496. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2019.1671834 [Crossref]
4. Buren, V., Mullensiefen, D., Roeske, T. C., & Dege, F. (2021). What makes babies musical? Conceptions of musicality in infants and toddlers. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, e736833. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736833 [Crossref]
5. Campbell, P. S., & Scott-Kassner, C. (2009). Music in childhood from preschool through elementary grades (3rd ed.). NY: Schirmer.
6. Cheung, P. S., McCaffrey, T., Tighe, S. M., & Mahamad, M. M. (2023). Music as a health resource in pregnancy: A cross-sectional survey study of women and partners in Ireland. Midwifery, 126, e103811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2023.103811 [Crossref]
7. Choi, B., Kim, J., & Park, H. (2024). Exploring the educational implications of 3-year-old Byeory's spontaneous song-making and singing. Korean Journal of Research in Music Education, 53(2), 141-164. https://doi.org/10.30775/KMES.53.2.141 [Crossref]
8. Choi, M. (2018). The effects of the musical environment at home and mothers' parenting belief on young children's musical creativity. Master thesis, Incheon National University.
9. Chung, M., Kwon, J., & Park, S. (2011). The relationships between the development of 12-month-infants and their home environment. Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education, 31(5), 371-390. https://doi.org/10.18023/kjece.2011.31.5.016 [Crossref]
10. Costa-Giomi, E., & Benetti, L. (2017). Through a baby's ears: Musical interactions in a family community. International Journal of Community Music, 10(3), 289-303. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijcm.10.3.289_1 [Crossref]
11. Custodero, L. A., & Johnson-Green, E. A. (2003). Passing the cultural torch: Musical experience and musical parenting of infants. Journal of Research in Music Education, 51, 102-114. https://doi.org/10.2307/3345844 [Crossref]
12. Custodero, L. A., Britto, P. R., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2003). Musical lives: A collective portrait of Americ an parents and their young children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24(5), 553-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2003.08.005 [Crossref]
13. DeCasper, A. J., & Sigafoos, A. D. (1983). The intrauterine heartbeat: A potent reinforcer for newborns. Infant Behavior & Development, 6(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(83)80004-6 [Crossref]
14. deVries, P. (2009). Music at home with under-fives: What is happening? Early Childhood Development and Care, 179(4), 395-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430802691914 [Crossref]
15. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (2024). Parenting. Retrieved April 2, 2024, from https://encyk orea.aks.ac.kr/
16. Galera-Núñez, M., & Carmona-Rodríguez, S. (2021). Motivaciones, creencias y refuerzo musical en el hogar en la educacion musical temprana: Un caso de estudio. Per Musi, 41, e214105. https://doi.org/10.35699/2317-6377.2021.33071 [Crossref]
17. Gembris, H., & Davidson, J. W. (2002). Environmental influences. In R. Parncutt & G. E. McPherson (Eds.), The science & psychology of music performance: Creative strategies for teaching and learning (pp. 17-30). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138108.003.0002 [Crossref]
18. Gibson, R. E. (2009). Musical parenting: An ethnographic account of musical interactions of parents and young children. Doctoral diss., University of Washington, WA, USA.
19. Greata, J. (2006). An introduction to music in early childhood education. NY: Thomson Delmar Learning.
20. Hallam, S., & Shaw, J. (2002). Constructions of musical ability. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 153(4), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461380022000011939 [Crossref]
21. Hong, S., & Kim, S. (2008). Relationship between parenting knowledge and mother-infant interaction according to the mother's background. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 29(6), 55-71.
22. Hong, S., & Park, H. (2014). Effects of musical play activities with playing an instrument on musical ability and playfulness in 3-year-old children. Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, 21(4), 223-243.
23. Huotilainen, M. (2009). Musical interaction and learning as foetus and as baby. In J. Louhivuori, P. Paananen & L. Vakeva (Eds.), An introduction to music education: Finnish society for music education (pp. 121-130). Glasgow: Finnish Society for Music Education.
24. Ilari, B. (2002). Music and babies: A review of research with implications for music educators. Update Applications of Research in Music Education, 21(2), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/87551233020210020601 [Crossref]
25. Ilari, B. (2005). On musical parenting of young children: Musical beliefs and behaviors of mothers and infants. Early Child Development and Care, 175(7-8), 647-660. https://doi.org/10.1080/0300443042000302573 [Crossref]
26. Ilari, B., & Young, S. (2016). Children's home musical experiences across the world. Indiana: Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt2005s41 [Crossref]
27. Ilari, B., Moura, A., & Bourscheidt, L. (2011). Between interactions and commodities: Musical parenting of infants and toddlers in Brazil. Music Education Research, 13(1), 51-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613808.2011.553277 [Crossref]
28. Kenney, S. (2008). Birth to six: Music behaviors and how to nurture them. General Music Today, 22(1), 32-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1048371308323033 [Crossref]
29. Kim, H., & Park, H. (2014). The effects of music listening activities using musical instruments on young children's musical aptitude and expression. Korean Journal of Research in Music Education, 43(2), 1-23.
30. Kim, I. (2022). A review of prenatal and fetal education using Korean music. Master thesis, Dongguk University.
31. Kim, J., & Kim, Y. (2022). Spinoza's interpretation of traditional fetal education: Focusing on sa-ju-dang Lee's Taegyosingi. The Korean Journal of Philosophy of Education, 44(4), 55-90. https://doi.org/10.15754/jkpe.2022.44.4.003 [Crossref]
32. Kisilevsky, B. S., Beti, M., Hains, S. M. J., & Lecanuet, J. (2001). Pregnant women's knowledge and beliefs about fetal sensory development. Poster presented at the 10th european conference on developmental psychology. Sweden: Uppsala University.
33. Kisilevsky, B. S., Hains, S. M. J., Jacquet, A., Granier-Deferre, C., & Lecanuet, J. P. (2004). Maturation of fetal responses to music. Developmental Science, 7(5), 550-559. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00379.x [Crossref]
34. Lecanuet, J. (1996). Prenatal auditory experience. In I. Deliège & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Musical beginnings: Origins and development of musical competence (pp. 3-34). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523321.003.0001 [Crossref]
35. Lee, S. (2021). Exploring the meaning of prenatal education in the picture book Agamajung [waiting for baby]. The Journal of Eco Early Childhood Education & Care, 20(2), 1-23.
36. Marjanen, K. (2011). Pre- and postnatal music education for early mother-child interaction. Nordic Research in Music Education, 13, 269-279.
37. Marx, V., & Nagy, E. (2015). Fetal behavioural responses to maternal voice and touch. PLoS ONE, 10(6), e0129118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129118 [Crossref]
38. McPherson, G. E. (2009). The role of parents in children's musical development. Psychology of Music, 37(1), 91-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735607086049 [Crossref]
39. Mehr, S. A. (2014). Music in the home: New evidence for an intergenerational link. Journal of Research in Music Education, 62, 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429413520008 [Crossref]
40. Ministry of health and welfare (2020). 4th standard childcare curriculum. Sejong: Author.
41. Moon, Y. (2013). Research and analysis of mothers' interests in holistic prenatal music education. Journal of Holistic Convergence Education, 17(1), 87-104.
42. Movalled, K., Sani, A., Nikniaz, L., & Ghojazadeh, M. (2023). The impact of sound stimulations during pregnancy on fetal learning: A systematic review. BMC Pediatrics, 23, 183. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-03990-7 [Crossref]
43. Mualem, O., & Klein, P. S. (2013). The communicative characteristics of musical interactions c ompared with play interac tions between mothers and their one-year-old infants. Early Child Development and Care, 183(7), 899-915. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2012.688824 [Crossref]
44. Mun, H., & Choi, E. (2002). Practice of the delivered woman and her husband for the fetal education. Womens Health Nurs, 8(4), 583-593. https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2002.8.4.583 [Crossref]
45. Nettl, B. (2005). The study of ethnomusicology: Thirty-one issues and concepts (2nd ed.). Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
46. Papoušek, M. (1996). Intuitive parenting: A hidden source of musical stimulation. In I. Deliège & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Musical beginnings: Origins and development competence (pp. 88-114). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523321.003.0004 [Crossref]
47. Park, H., & Kim, Y. (2007). Children's musical abilities for Korean traditional music according to age, sex, experience and environment. The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education, 12(6), 237-258.
48. Parncutt, R. (2006). Prenatal development. In G. E. McPherson (Ed.), The child as musician: A handbook of musical development (pp. 1-32). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530329.003.0001 [Crossref]
49. Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & Formann, A. (2010). Mozart effect-Shmozart effect: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 38(3), 314-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2010.03.001 [Crossref]
50. Pugh, A., & Pugh, L. (2013). Music in the early years. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315004860 [Crossref]
51. Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N. (1995). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365, 611. https://doi.org/10.1038/365611a0 [Crossref]
52. Savage, S. (2015). Understanding mothers' perspectives on early childhood music programmes. Australian Journal of Music Education, 2, 127-139.
53. Shim, H., & Oh, Y. (2015). A study on prenatal education 'Taekyo' in picturebooks. Journal of cognitive Enhancement and Intervention, 6(3), 39-56.
54. Shin, I., & Kim, A. (2006). The effect of prenatal music education and musical environments on children's musical ability. The Korean Journal Child Education, 15(1), 123-137.
55. Shin, Y., & Koh, H. (2000). A study on recognition and practice of Taekyo by pregnant women. Womens Health Nurs, 6(1), 142-152. https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2000.6.1.142 [Crossref]
56. Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
57. Sin, J., & Kim, H. (2004). Children's musical home environment and art discipline on children's musical audiation. The Korean Journal Child Education, 13(1), 5-21.
58. Trehub, S. E. (2019). Nurturing infants with music. International Journal of Music in Early Childhood, 14(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1386/ijmec.14.1.9_1 [Crossref]
59. Trevarthen, C., Gratier, M., & Osborne N. (2014). The human nature of culture and education. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 5, 173-192. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1276 [Crossref]
60. Valerio, W. H., Reynolds, A. M., Morgan, G., & McNair, A. M. (2012). Construct validity of the children's music-related behavior questionnaire. Journal of Research in Music Education, 60, 186-200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429412444450 [Crossref]
61. Webb, A. R., Heller, H. T., Benson, C. B., & Lahav, A. (2015). Mother's voice and heartbeat sounds elicit auditory plasticity in the human brain before full gestation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(10), 3152-3157. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414924112 [Crossref]
62. Welch, G. F. (2005). We are musical. International Journal of Music Education, 23(2), 117-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761405052404 [Crossref]
63. Yang, S. (2023). A study on the development of filial piety and personality in prenatal and childhood stages using prenatal music. Cultural Exchange and Multicultural Education, 12(3), 423-449. https://doi.org/10.30974/kaice.2023.12.3.18 [Crossref]
64. Young, S. (2018). Musical experiences and learning in early childhood. In O. N. Sarncho (Ed.), Handbook of research on the education of young children (No. 10, 4th ed.). NY: Routledge.
65. Zimmer, E. Z., Divon, M. Y., Vilensky, A., Sarna, Z., Peretz, B. A., & Paldi, E. (1982). Maternal exposure to music and fetal activity. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 13, 209-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-2243(82)90101-0 [Crossref]